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Table of Contents

Introduction

...

  • Query performance can be improved dramatically in certain situations, particularly when most of the heavily accessed rows of the table are in a single partition or a small number of partitions. The partitioning substitutes for leading columns of indexes, reducing index size and making it more likely that the heavily-used parts of the indexes fit in memory.
  • When queries or updates access a large percentage of a single partition, performance can be improved by taking advantage of the sequential scan of that partition instead of using an index and random access reads scattered across the whole table.
  • Seldom-used data can be stored in separate partitions and migrated to cheaper and slower storage media.

So the idea is to partition a table by “Field no” and change the table structure at the same time to use only simple types.

Partitioned table

...

MARC leader has a very strict structure defined at https://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/bdleader.html. So, it makes sense to store separately every part of the leader value to support search conditions addressed to the leader and make them simple. This means that a dedicated table should be created to store leader values.

Partitioned table


marc_indexers

field_no    varchar(3)

ind1        varchar(1)

ind2        varchar(1)

subfield_no varchar(1)

value       text

marc_id     uuid

Create table SQL statement

...

Code Block
languagesql
do
$$
    declare
        ind integer;
        suffix text;
    begin
        for ind in 0 .. 999
            loop
                suffix = lpad(ind::text, 3, '0');
                execute 'create table marc_indexers_' || suffix || ' partition of marc_indexers for values in ('''|| suffix ||''');';
            end loop;
        create table marc_indexers_leadercat partition of marc_indexers for values in ('ldrcat');
        create table marc_indexers_catown partition of marc_indexers for values in ('catown');
        create table marc_indexers_ownlkr partition of marc_indexers for values in ('ownlkr');
        create table marc_indexers_lkr partition of marc_indexers for values in ('lkr');
    end;
$$;

...

   end;
$$;


The main concern here is that apart from standard field numbers and leader some libraries can use their own identifiers as field_no as in the example above. So there must be a solution to handle such cases.

Filling in data.

There are two events when data must be added or changed in that new table.

The first one is the initial data loading once this feature is added. It can be done with a single plpg/sql block that parses and inserts all data for all MARC records.

Code Block
languagesql
do
$$
    <<fill_marc_indexers_simple_block>>
        declare
        rec record;
    begin
        for rec in (select id from marc_records_lb x)
            loop
                insert into marc_indexers (field_no, ind1, ind2, subfield_no, value, marc_id)
                    (with vals as (select value
                                   from jsonb_array_elements((
                                       select value
                                       From jsonb_each(
                                                    (select content
                                                     from marc_records_lb
                                                     where id = rec.id)) x
                                       where key = 'fields')) y),
                          fields as (select x.key as field_no, x.value as field_value
                                     From vals,
                                          jsonb_each(vals.value) x),
                          fields_subfields as (
                              select field_no,
                                     trim(field_value ->> 'ind1'::text) ind1,
                                     trim(field_value ->> 'ind2')       ind2,
                                     field_value -> 'subfields'         subfields,
                                     field_value
                              From fields),
                          marc_raw as (
                              select fs.field_no, fs.ind1, fs.ind2, fs.field_value, null::text subfield_no, null::text subfield_value
                              from fields_subfields fs
                              where subfields is null
                              union all
                              select fs.field_no, fs.ind1, fs.ind2, fs.field_value, subfs.key::text subfield_no, subfs.value::text subfield_value
                              From fields_subfields fs,
                                   jsonb_array_elements(fs.subfields) sx,
                                   jsonb_each(sx.value) subfs
                              where subfields is not null),
                          marc as (
                              select m.field_no,
                                     CASE WHEN ind1 IS NULL or ind1 = '' THEN '#' ELSE ind1 END                            as ind1,
                                     CASE WHEN ind2 IS NULL or ind2 = '' THEN '#' ELSE ind2 END                            as ind2,
                                     CASE WHEN subfield_no IS NULL or trim(subfield_no) = '' THEN '0' ELSE subfield_no END as subfield_no,
                                     trim(both '"' from coalesce(subfield_value, field_value::text))                       as value
                              From marc_raw m)
                     select distinct lower(field_no) field_no, ind1, ind2, subfield_no, value, rec.id marc_id
                     from marc
                     union all
                     select 'ldr' field_no, '#' ind1, '#' ind2, '0' subfield_no, trim(both '"' from value::text) as value, rec.id marc_id
                     From jsonb_each(
                                  (select content
                                   from marc_records_lb
                                   where id = rec.id)) x
                     where key = 'leader');
            end loop;
    end fill_marc_indexers_simple_block
$$;

...

Leader table

marc_indexers_leader
p_00_04 varchar(5)
p_05    varchar(1)
p_06    varchar(1)
p_07    varchar(1)
p_08    varchar(1)

p_09    varchar(1)

p_10    varchar(1)
p_11    varchar(1)
p_12_16 varchar(5)
p_17    varchar(1)
p_18    varchar(1)
p_19    varchar(1)
p_20    varchar(1)
p_21    varchar(1)
p_22    varchar(1)
marc_id uuid

Create table SQL statement

Code Block
languagesql
create table marc_indexers_leader
(
    p_00_04 varchar(5) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_00_04 not null,
    p_05    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_05 not null,
    p_06    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_06 not null,
    p_07    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_07 not null,
    p_08    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_08 not null,
    p_09    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_09 not null,
    p_10    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_10 not null,
    p_11    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_11 not null,
    p_12_16 varchar(5) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_12_16 not null,
    p_17    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_17 not null,
    p_18    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_18 not null,
    p_19    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_19 not null,
    p_20    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_20 not null,
    p_21    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_21 not null,
    p_22    varchar(1) constraint nn_marc_indexers_leader_p_22 not null,
    marc_id uuid       constraint nn_marc_indexers_marc_id not null
);

Filling in data.

There are two events when data must be added or changed in that new table.

The first one is the initial data loading once this feature is added. It can be done with a single plpg/sql block that parses and inserts all data for all MARC records.

Code Block
languagesql
do
$$
    <<fill_marc_indexers_simple_block>>
        declare
        rec record;
    begin
        for rec in (select id, content from marc_records_lb x)
            loop
                insert into marc_indexers (field_no, ind1, ind2, subfield_no, value, marc_id)
                    (with vals as (select value
                                   from jsonb_array_elements((
                                       select value
                                       From jsonb_each(rec.content) x
                                       where key = 'fields')) y),
                          fields as (select x.key as field_no, x.value as field_value
                                     From vals,
                                          jsonb_each(vals.value) x),
                          fields_subfields as (
                              select field_no,
                                     trim(field_value ->> 'ind1'::text) ind1,
                                     trim(field_value ->> 'ind2')       ind2,
                                     field_value -> 'subfields'         subfields,
                                     field_value
                              From fields),
                          marc_raw as (
                              select fs.field_no, fs.ind1, fs.ind2, fs.field_value, null::text subfield_no, null::text subfield_value
                              from fields_subfields fs
                              where subfields is null
                              union all
                              select fs.field_no, fs.ind1, fs.ind2, fs.field_value, subfs.key::text subfield_no, subfs.value::text subfield_value
                              From fields_subfields fs,
                                   jsonb_array_elements(fs.subfields) sx,
                                   jsonb_each(sx.value) subfs
                              where subfields is not null),
                          marc as (
                              select m.field_no,
                                     CASE WHEN ind1 IS NULL or ind1 = '' THEN '#' ELSE ind1 END                            as ind1,
                                     CASE WHEN ind2 IS NULL or ind2 = '' THEN '#' ELSE ind2 END                            as ind2,
                                     CASE WHEN subfield_no IS NULL or trim(subfield_no) = '' THEN '0' ELSE subfield_no END as subfield_no,
                                     trim(both '"' from coalesce(subfield_value, field_value::text))                       as value
                              From marc_raw m)
                     select distinct lower(field_no) field_no, ind1, ind2, subfield_no, value, rec.id marc_id
                     from marc);
                --
                insert into marc_indexers_leader(p_00_04, p_05, p_06, p_07, p_08, p_09, p_10, p_11, p_12_16, p_17, p_18, p_19, p_20, p_21, p_22, marc_id)
                    (select substring(value from 1 for 5)  p_00_04,
                            substring(value from 6 for 1)  p_05,
                            substring(value from 7 for 1)  p_06,
                            substring(value from 8 for 1)  p_07,
                            substring(value from 9 for 1)  p_08,
                            substring(value from 10 for 1) p_09,
                            substring(value from 11 for 1) p_10,
                            substring(value from 12 for 1) p_11,
                            substring(value from 13 for 5) p_12_16,
                            substring(value from 18 for 1) p_17,
                            substring(value from 19 for 1) p_18,
                            substring(value from 20 for 1) p_19,
                            substring(value from 21 for 1) p_20,
                            substring(value from 22 for 1) p_21,
                            substring(value from 23 for 1) p_22,
                            marc_id
                     from (select replace(lower(trim(both '"' from value::text)), ' ', '#') as value,
                                  rec.id                                                       marc_id
                             From jsonb_each(rec.content) x
                            where key = 'leader') y);
            end loop;
    end fill_marc_indexers_simple_block
$$;

The second one is when data is changed in the original table where MARC records are stored. The database trigger must be used for consistent tracking of all the changes and reflecting those into the new table. 

Code Block
languagesql
create or replace function fill_in_marc_indexers(p_marc_id uuid, p_marc_content jsonb)
    returns void
as
$fill_in_marc_indexers$
begin
    insert into marc_indexers (field_no, ind1, ind2, subfield_no, value, marc_id)
        (with vals as (select value
                       from jsonb_array_elements((
                           select value
                           From jsonb_each(p_marc_content) x
                           where key = 'fields')) y),
              fields as (select x.key as field_no, x.value as field_value
                         From vals,
                              jsonb_each(vals.value) x),
              fields_subfields as (
                  select field_no,
                         trim(field_value ->> 'ind1'::text) ind1,
                         trim(field_value ->> 'ind2')       ind2,
                         field_value -> 'subfields'         subfields,
                         field_value
                  From fields),
              marc_raw as (
                  select fs.field_no, fs.ind1, fs.ind2, fs.field_value, null::text subfield_no, null::text subfield_value
                  from fields_subfields fs
                  where subfields is null
                  union all
                  select fs.field_no, fs.ind1, fs.ind2, fs.field_value, subfs.key::text subfield_no, subfs.value::text subfield_value
                  From fields_subfields fs,
                       jsonb_array_elements(fs.subfields) sx,
                       jsonb_each(sx.value) subfs
                  where subfields is not null),
              marc as (
                  select m.field_no,
                         CASE WHEN ind1 IS NULL or ind1 = '' THEN '#' ELSE ind1 END                            as ind1,
                         CASE WHEN ind2 IS NULL or ind2 = '' THEN '#' ELSE ind2 END                            as ind2,
                         CASE WHEN subfield_no IS NULL or trim(subfield_no) = '' THEN '0' ELSE subfield_no END as subfield_no,
                         trim(both '"' from coalesce(subfield_value, field_value::text))                       as value
                  From marc_raw m)
         select distinct lower(field_no) field_no, ind1, ind2, subfield_no, value, p_marc_id marc_id
         from marc);
    --
    insert into marc_indexers_leader(p_00_04, p_05, p_06, p_07, p_08, p_09, p_10, p_11, p_12_16, p_17,
                                                                    p_18, p_19, p_20, p_21, p_22, marc_id)
        (select substring(value from 1 for 5)  p_00_04,
                substring(value from 6 for 1)  p_05,
                substring(value from 7 for 1)  p_06,
                substring(value from 8 for 1)  p_07,
                substring(value from 9 for 1)  p_08,
                substring(value from 10 for 1) p_09,
                substring(value from 11 for 1) p_10,
                substring(value from 12 for 1) p_11,
                substring(value from 13 for 5) p_12_16,
                substring(value from 18 for 1) p_17,
                substring(value from 19 for 1) p_18,
                substring(value from 20 for 1) p_19,
                substring(value from 21 for 1) p_20,
                substring(value from 22 for 1) p_21,
                substring(value from 23 for 1) p_22,
                marc_id
         from (   select replace(lower(trim(both '"' from value::text)), ' ', '#') as value,
                         p_marc_id                                                    marc_id
                  From jsonb_each(p_marc_content) x
                  where key = 'leader') y);
end;
$fill_in_marc_indexers$ language plpgsql;

create or replace function insert_marc_indexers()
    returns trigger
as
$insert_marc_indexers$
begin
    if (TG_OP = 'UPDATE') then
        delete from marc_indexers where marc_id = NEW.id;
        delete from marc_indexers_leader where marc_id = NEW.id;
    end if;

    perform fill_in_marc_indexers(NEW.id, NEW.content);
    return NEW;
end;
$insert_marc_indexers$ language plpgsql;

create or replace function delete_marc_indexers()
    returns trigger
as
$delete_marc_indexers$
begin
    if (TG_OP = 'DELETE') then
        delete from marc_indexers where marc_id = OLD.id;
        delete from marc_indexers_leader where marc_id = OLD.id;
    end if;
    return OLD;
end;
$delete_marc_indexers$ language plpgsql;

DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS process_marc_records_lb_delete_trigger ON marc_records_lb CASCADE;
DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS process_marc_records_lb_insert_update_trigger ON marc_records_lb CASCADE;

create trigger process_marc_records_lb_delete_trigger
before delete on marc_records_lb for each row execute function delete_marc_indexers();

create trigger process_marc_records_lb_insert_update_trigger
after insert or update on marc_records_lb for each row execute function insert_marc_indexers();

Indexing data

Since every “Field no” has its own defined format separate indexes can be created for partitions that contain significant volumes of data. Example of indexes:

Code Block
languagesql
create index idx_marc_indexers_marc_id on marc_indexers(marc_id);
create index idx_marc_indexers_leader_marc_id on marc_indexers_leader(marc_id);

create index idx_marc_indexers_001_vals on marc_indexers_001 using gin(regexp_match(value, '\W*((?:[a-zA-Z]*)|(?:[0-9]*))\W*((?:[a-zA-Z]*)|(?:[0-9]*))\W*((?:[a-zA-Z]*)|(?:[0-9]*))\W*') array_ops);
create index idx_marc_indexers_035_vals on marc_indexers_035 using gin(regexp_match(value, '\(*([a-zA-Z]*?)\)*(\w+)') array_ops);
create index idx_marc_indexers_005_vals on marc_indexers_005(value);
create index idx_marc_indexers_999_vals on marc_indexers_999(value);

...